In the response phase the most important step is to assess Disaster after occurrence. By Disaster assessment, we can obtain all the needed information for controlling, decision-making and also Disaster planning. Lack of Disaster assessment causes you to make unsuitable decisions based on limited or inadequate data which leads to imperfect Disaster response. According to IFRC, Disaster response operation will have an unsuitable function without Disaster assessment. This paper presents the principles and concepts of Disaster assessment.

Proper task allocation among agents enhances a system’ s performance and reduces the probability of disorder in resolving a wide range of issues. Appropriate allocations are critical for the efficient implementation of tasks undertaken in natural hazard Environments. Task allocation plays an important role in coordinating a multi-agent system (MAS) among a set of agents. Multi-agent systems consist of several automatic and autonomous agents that coordinate their activities to achieve a goal. Agents fail to reach their ultimate goal without the proper assignment of tasks. A proper approach to task allocations plays an important role in decision-making، particularly in urban search and rescue (USAR) operations in crisis-ridden areas. In the last decade، several studies were conducted regarding task allocation and different approaches have been presented to consider assigning tasks in MASs. This paper intends to provide an approach to task allocation in Disaster Environments through the consideration of appropriate spatial strategies to deal with disturbances. The challenge of this study is to provide the possibility of task reallocation in order to deal with uncertainties and events during the implementation. The main innovation of the study is that it presents an approach to improve conditions during reallocations، or future allocations، when initial allocations face problems due either to available uncertainties، or the addition of a new task. In other words، based on the nature of the implementation environment (natural Disaster Environments)، current allocation is not only considered but it is performed with regard to future allocations. The selected spatial strategies for a change the order of tasks (preparation for reallocation) are different in accordance with the conditions and the studied phenomenon. In general، strategies are selected in such a way that the final cost of the system will not increase abnormally if initial allocations face a problem. For example، building destruction level are uniformly distributed after an earthquake. Therefore، the convergence of rescue groups should be prevented as much as possible and the initial allocation should be done in such way to decrease agent movement in future allocations. The proposed method is presented in five phases: ordering existing tasks، finding coordinating agent، holding an auction، applying allocation strategies and implementation and observation of environmental uncertainties. The scalability of the proposed method was evaluated with the contract net protocol (CNP) method. In comparison with CNP، the standard time of rescue operations in the proposed approach includes at least 12% of improvement and the maximum improvement of 30% and the average percentage of recovery was 19%. Then obtained from the simulation of the proposed approach indicated that the time of rescue operations in the proposed scenarios was always less than the time required in the CNP method. Further، the evaluations based on deceased people and incorrect allocations indicated the feasibility of the proposed approach. The comparison of the proposed strategies at different levels of uncertainty showed that an increase in uncertainty leads to an increased rescue time for CNP. An effective assigning approach should consider strategies for replanning in order to waste the least time during system disruptions. This optimizes planning to achieve better implementation time and provides conditions for fault tolerance. Also، considering strategies in the task allocation process، especially spatial strategies، resulted in the optimization and increased flexibility of the allocation as well as conditions for fault tolerance and agent-based cooperation stability in emergency management.

Introduction: Place attachment is the basis for understanding the complex nature of human relationships with the surrounding environment. Humans have evolved the basic need for social communication, in such a way that they must create and maintain interpersonal relationships and gain a sense of security, acceptance, and belonging from these relationships. Natural hazards are events such as earthquakes, typhoons, floods, and landslides, which have the potential to pose a significant threat to human health and safety, property, critical infrastructure, and homeland security. The increase in losses can be explained to a large extent by higher levels of human activity and the accumulation of economic assets in hazard-prone areas. The natural hazards cause physical damage to residential neighborhoods and give rise to psychological distress. There is a growing interest in place attachment as a coping strategy in response to natural hazards. Also, some studies have shown that there is a complicated relationship between place attachment and perceived risk. The concept of attachment is influenced by human aspects arising from the fields of psychology and sociology, and the other part arises from the field of architecture, which changes various events such as the relocation of residents after the Disasters. In architecture, less attention has been paid to the physical aspect of people’s sense of attachment after Disasters. Therefore, in this study, the concept of attachment to a place at the level of residential neighborhoods is measured based on three components: architecture, urban environment, and nature. The architectural component consists of sub-components of scale, density, privacy, furniture, legibility, view, and coherence. The urban component has the sub-components of urban services, access, hierarchy, furniture arrangement, diversity of activities, meeting needs and elements of the city. Finally, the natural landscape component has the sub-components of green space and climate comfort.Material and Methods: The method of this research is that after field harvest and typology compilation of the residential neighborhood of the province located in Neka city, a researcher-made questionnaire was made by random sampling method and by G-Power software with a sample size of 340 people in different valleys of distribution residents. Then, with the help of statistical analysis, the physical characteristics of the residential neighborhood as an independent variable and the characteristics of the concept of attachment as a dependent variable were evaluated.Results and Discussion: The findings revealed that there was a direct relationship between components of the urban environment (r=0.815), the natural landscape (r=0.768), the architecture (r=0.761), and the attachment of residents after Disasters (P<0.05). The standardized regression coefficients (β) for the urban components, specifically activity diversity (β = 0.318, P < 0.001) and efficient layout (β = 0.317, P < 0.001), indicate significant associations. Also, the β value for the architecture components, including legibility, was 0.345 (P<0.001), and for the natural landscape component, including climatic comfort was 0.472 (P<0.001).Conclusion: The initial decisions of designers and planners in selecting effective physical variables combined with the design of spaces and other physical factors will lead to a change in the level of attachment of residents after Disasters in Neka city.

Ants are a major part of the ecosystem as they assist in the decomposition process and improve soil quality. In this study the species richness and biodiversity of these arthropods was assessed in the habitats with varying degrees of human impact in Shiraz, Fars Province, southern Iran. To this end, six habitats including three city parks with the least amount of human destruction (Be’sat, Janat, Babakoohi), two habitats with high amount of manipulation in order to agriculture and urbanization (a field and a destroyed garden) and a natural park without any human manipulation as control, were chosen and sampled bimonthly during 2015 and 2106. A total of 6270 ant workers belonging to 30 species, 12 genera, and three subfamilies were recorded. The most abundant subfamily was Formicinae (16 species) followed by Myrmicinae (12 species), and Dolichoderinae (two species). The biodiversity indices showed a greater diversity in both natural park and urban landscape: Be’sat and Janat parks, with the lowest amount of human effects, respectively as well as Babakoohi and the lowest in the field and destroyed garden. Although a significant difference was observed with the habitats (F= 4.255, P=0.004) and the months (F= 4.327, P=0.002) of sampling, there was not a significant difference between Babakoohi, natural park, Janat and Be’sat parks (P>0.05) nor between field and destroyed garden (P>0.05).

Natural Disasters lead to sad tragedies and very day life would be disordered after them, people would need to food, cloths, shelter, and healthcare. All nations need the crisis management in order to reduce the impacts of natural Disasters, managing the relief operation, rescue, temporary settlement, and reconstruction. In this paper we study the initial level of crisis which includes safety, warning, and training.

In previous article of Disaster Assessment 1, all definitions, frameworks, principles, and types of assessment were surveyed based on the time of implementation and were described their related areas. Also it mentioned that assessment is divided into two parts such as:- Initial Rapid Assessment- Detailed AssessmentInitial Rapid Assessment is essential in Disasters because it provides the most important data and needed information. This information is important because some reasons: first it is so valid and can be useful for managers; then it helps managers to make best decisions especially when they are suffering from the lack of needed information in the time of emergency.Thus, it's necessary to discuss one of the most important types of assessment in an objective form.

Human beings have always experienced Disasters. A Disaster may be brief, but its psychological effects may last for many years. These psychological effects are increasingly well documented.Disasters affect not only those immediately involved, but also those who know the victims. This is perhaps particularly so when the victims are children. Commonly when adults hear news of Disasters they ask first: What about the children? Of course, typically it is worse for the parents. In this article the definition and classification of Disaster and the effects of Disaster on survivors and their relatives will be discussed.